˹ѧͧ ͧ Ѻѡҹҧоطʹ
ʰþ ó
ʾ.Ԫѹ ѹ ¹ .. շ Ѻ
ͧͧ ʹյͧ ѡҹ㹵ҾоطʹҴѧ
ûԮ
() ../-/- ѧٵ Ѫѳʡ Ѫԡ ûԮ ѺѰ .. - ˹ -
() . //- äҶ طԡ ûԮѺѰ .. ˹
.öҺ
() ѭٷ öѪԡ ѺҨŧóҪԷ .. Ҥ - ˹ -
() ѵջ öҢطԡ ѺҨŧóҪԷ .. Ҥ ˹
() ѯ öҢطԡ šä Ҥ
ѧࡵ
.ٵͧԧʡСͧ оطͧʴ稡ѺҡԳҵҺ ʴ稴Թ仵ҧͧ §⤷ Ҿоطͧʴ稴Թ价ҧ ҡѹ ͧѧʴ稴Թ
ͧ繾оطͧ ֧ʹҺ¨Цҹú˹觾ѹ оطͧʴ稴Թ¾кҷ仵 çԷķѹ ҧ˹ ͧѹ ֧ͧ⡹ "ش ش" (ԯڰ ԯ )
оطͧ "ش ͧ Ԩش" ( ͧڤ ǐڨ ԯڰ)
ͧ Ѵ оٴ ش Թ ֧ ҷҺ ҡºصþٴӨԧ Ѩ йԹ ѧٴش
ӹͧѧٴ ҳ
оطͧ ش´¹ªԵѵ ͤèش ͧԹдش ҧظ仡Һ᷺кҷ ѧҡоطͧ ТͺǪ оطͧзҹػ ͡Ѻѧવѹ
㹪ǧҹ §ͧҴ˹ѡ Ҥ˹٢ һʹŶ֧ѺѴԹз¹ӡͧѾ ͡任Һ ʴ稾ҪԹҹવѹ Ҿоط (ӹͧġҪ ҳ)
оطҵʶ "ҺԵùӡͧѾҹ 价ʧѺҾҡѵԨҧ һʹšҺ " оطҢ ҾоطҨ任Һͧ Ң"
оطͧʶ "ҺԵ ҡ ͧ 駴ҺظѺ ѵѴԵ ҺǪǡͧҤ ҺԵѧЦҨлҺ"
ҪҡҺ ҺǪ繾ԡ Ѻ ᷹ЦҨлҺ ѺͧҷҺ ػا»Ѩա 褹Ǫ һ˹ ҧ ͨѡ繼çŻҹй
оطͧç¡оҢҪ价ͧ ʺ͡ "ҺԵ 蹤ʹյͧ"
ҪҶ֧Ѻд駴¤ ҵԪ٪ѹѴ оطͧ "ҡҺԵ " ҪҨ֧çʧзҴ ҡ ͧ任óҾͧŴ»Ѩ
ͧŶ¾о ҵҾըäú ҺԵҷçӺҡ¡âǹһѨҶ ҵҾشѵ 繹Ե ͺԳҵ繹Ե зçҺѧءŨ 繹Ե ͧçӺҡ¡èѴһѨҶ´͡
һʹ ͷçҺͧ ֧ʴ稹ѵԾй
ѹ˹觾ͧ ԹԳҵ ʵդǹʹ ѺءǷҡ 仡Һžоطͧ оطͧͧҨԵ ѹ觢鹾ͧ仵ѵҸɰҹ˹ ʵռ鹤ʹص§
ѵҸɰҹͧ觵˹ʵչ ҵ Ԫҹ ʐڨԨڨ ҳ Ե ൹ ʨਹ ʵڶ ˵ ʵڶ
ͧ˭ԧ Դ㹪ҵ (͵Ǫ) ҵԴ㨾ҡѵҡԵ ѨҨҹ ͤʴը֧кص㹤ͧ
(ҪǾط Ҷҹ ʹصç ʧè㹺Ǵ紵ӹҹ Ǵ㹡÷ӺحͧطʹԡҨѴ)
ͧ ҸǹҧǴ 㹻 ؾѹҵ
ͧ ١Ǻҹҧ¡Թ (ű) () Ǵ (ʡڢ) ͡Գҵ ᵡ ʹҺ ҵᵡ ѧүԩաҴ (Թ ʹ ൹ ̹൹ Թ ൹ ԻڼԵ ʧҮ) оطͧʹ "繼觡͡ 㹹á» » ¾ѹ ͡骴㹻ѨغѹҵԹ"
ҹҹԾҹ ˵ءóͧŹ кتѴԴ ѹɰҹѹԴ㹵¾ط ԹԾҹҹѡ
㹾ٵ վٴ֧ҧѹҹ ôҷҹͺ˹ͧ͡͡ 駢صê ͧѾ ͧһʹŨ¡任Һ ооطʴҴѡ˹ çͧŨоôзѹ¡ ´ö ͤҴҡ "Ժ" ͤ͢Ǵ
. äҶ ҹͧͧ ¡Ӿٴͧҹá ҹҡ оطͧͦҹú , ѹ駷ʴ稴Թ仵 ооطͧçѹԷķ ҧ˹ ͧѹ ͧŨ֧⡹ش ش оطͧʵͺ ش ѧش
ͧŶ ҹԹ ٴش ҷ оطͧҾͧçشªԵѵ ͧѧش
ͧŨ֧駴Һ 仿ѧҡоطͧ ǷŢͺǪǡͧͧ ѧҡؾѹ ͧǤҶ "͡ҡѧ¤㹡ʵѳǡҡ ¾оطͧ繷ִѹ蹤 ʹ"
ͤ Թҡ "͡ ˹ Ҩ㹻 غ 㹶Ҵд ѹ դآ Ѵ(ѧҡǪ) й觡آ آժԵʺ 鹨ҡ() Сسѹ˭ͧʴҪҧȨԧ˹"
.öҷͧ ѭٷ лѵջ ´ͧԧʡеԴ з֡ŻԷҷѡ "ѹԡ" ѺҨ仴 ¹仴(¤¹) 繷ѡͧҨҡ 繤Ҥ 駵ҨҢͧҨ 繤֡ŻԷ 繷ôҹͧҨҨҡ
ԧʡ ͧ÷ԧʡ ֧ҡѹ§Ҩ㨼Դ "ԧʡ зӼԴҨ"
»֡ҡѹ СԧʡþҨ ԧʡþԹ С ¨ҹ͡¹ ԧʡ ѹ¹¹觡Ҥ繷Шѡ շҧǤ "ҡ ڵ ؾ" (ӤԴͷҹҨ) ¤繪ѺҨ
öҷͧҧѹԴ˹ ѵջ öҢطԡº͡ ԧʡ¹ ҨҧἹӨѴѡ 仦Ҥҹ͢Ҿѹ "Һ٪Ҥ" (طѡԳ) ҨᡤԴ ԧʡ仦Ҥҹ ҴҶ١㴤˹触¡ ¡ Ἱͤ蹡ӨѴ١ ҧԴ
ǹ ѭٷ öѪԡ ͡蹡ѹ ¡Һ٪Ҥ(Ѿ ػ) ͡ҹҾѹ ͡仦Ҥѹ æҤѹ æҤ "ú٪Ҥ" Ѻ稡֡ ҨһᡤԴ ԧʡоҤ֧ѹ դ˹㹨ӹǹ鹦ԧʡ¡
ҷͧūʹѡ 㹾ûԮ к ˹ѧͻѵͧŷ¹ѧ "Թ" ö¡ "Թѹ ҹ "---ѹ"
ǹ öҸ ͧͧͧ ´ʹͧѺѡҹҧԴ˹ ѧҡҹԾҹ ǡҺҷҹؾѹ ҺŶ ͧԴ˹ Ѻӵͺҡоطͧ "ͧŴѺʹԷ" (Ѵǧѧѯ ¹µԴա)
ǡѺͧ ʹյԧʡ صûԵҪӹѡһʹ Ǵҧؤӹ Ҩ觵ԹҨ繡ҳԵ繺һԵ §͡Ӻһ പкحҡسҢͧ稾ط çôʴз駵 ѹҾҾоطʹ ǹҨ繾ѹ Դҧͺѹǧ
Ҩж ÷Ҥ繾ѹ ֧öؾѹ ӵͺ ҹ ֧ͼҹ仡 ǹ§ͧŷ١ͧҡоطʹѧҹ
¹ͧ ͡仴˹ѧͧ ͺȹѺŪ ѹ չҤ ҢǡѺͧŹ鹤Ҵ仨ҡ繨ԧ
ͤԴ˹ѧ˹ѧ ¹ҧѵʵ ǡѺ ´ зǧԧ żԴҴ
"ѡâͧоطʹ" ԴҴ ٴա˹ ʹͧѺѡâͧʹ ˹ѧ͡㹷ӹͧõԡѺоطʹ
Էؤ˹ɳ ѺѺɳҷ "˹觴ҺҾѹȾͺؾйԾҹ" ͺ Ѻ
˹ѧѧ͡ ԧʡС Ҥ ¤ͺعԾҹ 觾оطʹ (ʹ) ҧ þٴҧ֧繡ô蹾оطʹ ооطʹ ʹ
ӵͺ йԾҹ 繤ооطʹҹ ʹҧ ä ;ٴ֧йԾҹ ҡѺٴ֧ооطʹ ооطʹҡèкؾйԾҹ ͻԺѵԵѡäͧỴҹ
Ъ Ӵ ͧǺط Ƿҧ Ҹ ѭ ¡÷Ӫǡǡ
ࡳͧҤ ѵػʧͺؾйԾҹ ҡѺҺԴԴѡâͧоطʹ ֧Ѻ
Ѵ¡Էض ÷ҧ ͡ ҧդѺԴ ɳ´ǹ Ҩ þѹȾ Ѻ عԾҹ繵 ҧ ѴѺѡͧоطʹ
ͧ ͡ʼԴҴ ӺһӪ ӹ֡Դ ѺǡѺ 繼¡ͧ 繺ؤŻ "鹤µç"
ٴѹ鹾ٴ֧Фɳ ٴ֧˹ѧ ѧ
˹ѧ ѧɳ ͤ˹ѡ仡 "ҹ鹾ط ӹҹ "ʴҦҵ" ѺһШѡ µҤسա"
ʴҦҵ ԴҨè ͧ ʴ ʴ¶֧ "͵ʹ" оط Ѵ « ʹ Է繦ҵ ;ٴѴ ҵ Էʴ ҵ Ȼҹ ʴ
ͤ͢Ǵٴ֧ͧǢͧͧ㹵ӹҹҧʹ "ʴ" 㹷ʴ ͡ҡʴ觾оطʹ ;оط
Ҩ§ 㹷ͧþٴ "ʴ触ҵ" ˹ѧͧٴ֧оطҼʴҢͧҵ (ͧ)
͡ Դѹա Դç˹ѧͧ鹷оط طѵԾоطһҡ§ҡ ͧ "ش Ԩش" ͧ
ʹͧ繪Եͧͧ
ҺҼԵ˹ѧ䢤ɳ Ҵ
ٴ֧˹ѧͧ ٴ¤з֡ ֡㹤 Фöͧҧ ӡѺ ҡ § ŧСͺ 觵ǢͧФ ѴԹ ҡȤ ᢡ Ե "ҡ" ʹԷ
ٴ㹰ҹмʾ˹ѧѵ㹡õѴԹ ǡѺѡԪҴ¡Ԩó˹ѧ
´ҧ觡 ˹ѧԴѡþоطʹҵҡá ࡳ硹ԧʡоٴ(Ͷ١ҨҨ¹Ԫ) "ҵͧúظ" ǡԹͧͺبشʧ Ҥ֡ çѺյԻѺҺ蹤ͤ֡ ѧԹúظ ѹ㴡¡ظ
и;йԾҹ ѧɳ͡ҹ
͡ҡ Թ շҧ ͧŧعҡ
() ¹ ԧʡ¹ѡ ͨششʹŻԷ ͷ˹ѧѧ "ʹԷط" þٴ "ͺظ" Դ֧ظ٧شǾоطʹ еФǢͧѺоطʹ
() Ͷѹ ظ ͧѴ ظѷԹ͡طʹ æҿѹ繾ѹ ͺظẺ 㹷شҾоط ֧ӹ֡ ŧԴж֡ͺ ҡоҡسҢͧط عôҺʹ֧ѺǡѺ ѹһԺѵԴԹǷҧͧоطͧ ֧ظԧ
ҴԹͧǹ ˹ѧͧ繼ŧҹѹɪ˹ ͧҧӡѺ᷹˹ѧѴҹ ʹѡþоطʹ Ѻ˹ѧʹѺʹعǷҧͧоطʹѵѵ
ٴҷ еͧ´ա ʹͧѺ稨ԧоطʹ 㨴˹ѧ˹ѧ ѹ֡ѵʵоطʹ
Һ㴷ѡ˭ͧоطʹ ١Դ Ѻ
¡Ӿٴͧҹط ͧͧ㹾ûԮ ç稨ԧ ҹطҨ ͧҡ㹤ûԮͧ ѧҢҧ Ѻѧա
ҺҺҧҹء˹ѡ֧Ѻ¹ͧ ͧ ٨˹ѡ仹Դ лѡç ҡѡâͧоطʹҡ
Ҩ¹ԧ "ѧ" Ҩ ..
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